Federal Reservations

From the Fed: Industrial production and Capacity Utilization

Industrial production was unchanged in January, as a gain of 0.7 percent in manufacturing was offset by declines in mining and utilities. Within manufacturing, the index for motor vehicles and parts jumped 6.8 percent and the index for other manufacturing industries increased 0.3 percent. The output of utilities fell 2.5 percent, as demand for heating was held down by temperatures that moved further above seasonal norms; the output of mines declined 1.8 percent. Total industrial production is now reported to have advanced 1.0 percent in December; the initial estimate had been an increase of 0.4 percent. This large upward revision reflected higher output for many manufacturing and mining industries. At 95.9 percent of its 2007 average, total industrial production in January was 3.4 percent above its level of a year earlier. The capacity utilization rate for total industry decreased to 78.5 percent, a rate 1.8 percentage points below its long-run (1972--2011) average.

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows Capacity Utilization. This series is up 11.3 percentage points from the record low set in June 2009 (the series starts in 1967).

Capacity utilization at 78.5% is still 1.8 percentage points below its average from 1972 to 2010 and below the pre-recession levels of 81.3% in December 2007.

Note: y-axis doesn't start at zero to better show the change.

The second graph shows industrial production since 1967.

Industrial production was unchanged in January at 95.9; December was revised up sharply.

The consensus was for a 0.6% increase in Industrial Production in January, and for an increase to 78.6% for Capacity Utilization. Although below consensus, with the December revisions, this was about at expectations.

All current manufacturing graphs

Originally from Calculated Risk

From San Francisco Fed President John Williams: The Federal Reserve’s Mandate and Best Practice Monetary Policy. Excerpt:

What does this tell us about where monetary policy should be now? Inflation in 2012 and 2013 is likely to come in around 1½ percent, below the FOMC’s 2 percent target. And clearly, with unemployment at 8.3 percent, we are very far from maximum employment. At the San Francisco Fed, our forecast is that the unemployment rate will remain well over 7 percent for several more years.

This is a situation in which there’s no conflict between maximum employment and price stability. With regard to both of the Fed’s mandates, it’s vital that we keep the monetary policy throttle wide open. This will help lower unemployment and raise inflation back toward levels consistent with our mandates. And we want to do so quickly to minimize total economic damage. The longer we miss our objectives, the larger the cumulative loss to the economy.

QE3 is coming.

Williams also provides an excellent discussion on "price stability":

What objective should we seek for the rate of increase of average prices? Should we strive for no change at all, that is, zero inflation? At first blush, that seems sensible. But, there are a number of reasons why aiming for zero inflation would be too low and inconsistent with our maximum employment mandate. Here I’ll mention two.

First, a small amount of inflation can help grease the wheels of the labor market. There is considerable evidence that nominal wages don’t easily fall even when demand is weak, something economists call downward wage rigidity. In other words, it’s unusual for workers to have the dollar value of their wages reduced. In this regard, wages are very different from, say, airline ticket prices, which are quickly discounted when seats can’t be filled. Weak labor demand may necessitate a reduction in real wages, that is, wages adjusted for inflation. Even if the nominal, or dollar value, of wages won’t budge, the real wage will fall as prices rise. As a result, a little bit of inflation can help the labor market adjust to negative shocks and, in this way, help keep employment closer to its maximum level.

Second, a small amount of inflation gives the Fed a little more maneuvering room to respond to negative shocks to the economy. The problem is that nominal interest rates can’t go below zero. Economists refer to that limit as the zero lower bound. Let me define terms. The nominal interest rate can be divided into its two components: the real, or inflation-adjusted, interest rate; and expected inflation. A little bit of inflation tends to raise nominal rates on average in order to provide a positive yield to investors. That gives the Fed more room to lower interest rates in a recession before hitting the zero lower bound.

Originally from Calculated Risk

Earlier:
• Summary for Week ending February 10th

The key reports this week are January retail sales on Tuesday, and January housing starts on Thursday. The NAHB builder confidence report for February will be released on Wednesday.

For manufacturing, the February NY Fed (Empire state) and Philly Fed surveys, and the January Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization report will be released this week.

On prices, the January Producer Price index (PPI) will be released Thursday, and CPI will be released on Friday.

----- Monday, Feb 13th-----
No economic releases scheduled.

----- Tuesday, Feb 14th -----
7:30 AM: NFIB Small Business Optimism Index for January.

Click on graph for larger image in graph gallery.

This graph shows the small business optimism index since 1986. The index increased to 93.8 in December from 92.0 in November. That was the fourth increase in a row after declining for six consecutive months.  The consensus is for an increase to 95.0.

8:30 AM: Retail Sales for January.

This graph shows retail sales since 1992. This is monthly retail sales and food service, seasonally adjusted (total and ex-gasoline). Retail sales are up 20.4% from the bottom, and now 5.9% above the pre-recession peak (not inflation adjusted).

The consensus is for retail sales to increase 0.7% in January, and for retail sales ex-autos to increase 0.5%.

9:00 AM: Ceridian-UCLA Pulse of Commerce Index™ This is the diesel fuel index for January (a measure of transportation).

10:00 AM: Manufacturing and Trade: Inventories and Sales for December (Business inventories). The consensus is for 0.4% increase in inventories.

----- Wednesday, Feb 15th -----
7:00 AM: The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) will release the mortgage purchase applications index. This index was especially weak last year, although this does not include all the cash buyers.

8:30 AM ET: NY Fed Empire Manufacturing Survey for February. The consensus is for a reading of 14.1, up from 13.5 in January (above zero is expansion).

9:15 AM ET: The Fed will release Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization for January.

This shows industrial production since 1967. Industrial production increased in December to 95.3, and previous months were revised up slightly.

The consensus is for a 0.6% increase in Industrial Production in December, and for Capacity Utilization to increase to 78.6% (from 78.1%).

10:00 AM: The February NAHB homebuilder survey. The consensus is for a reading of 26, up slightly from 25 in January. Although this index has been increasing lately, any number below 50 still indicates that more builders view sales conditions as poor than good.

2:00 PM: FOMC Minutes, Meeting of January 24-25, 2010.

----- Thursday, Feb 16th -----
8:30 AM: The initial weekly unemployment claims report will be released. The consensus is for an increase to 365,000 from 358,000 last week.

8:30 AM: Housing Starts for January.

This shows the huge collapse following the housing bubble, and that total housing starts have been increasing a little lately, but have mostly moved sideways for about two years and a half years. Multi-family starts increased in 2011 - although from a very low level. Single family starts appear to be increasing lately, but are still mostly "moving sideways".

The consensus is for an increase in total housing starts to 670,000 (SAAR) from 657,000 (SAAR) in December.

8:30 AM: Producer Price Index for January. The consensus is for a 0.3% increase in producer prices (0.1% increase in core).

9:00 AM: Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke speaks: "Community Banking" At the FDIC Conference on the Future of Community Banking, Arlington, Virginia

10:00 AM: Philly Fed Survey for February. The consensus is for a reading of 8.4, up from 7.3 last month (above zero indicates expansion).

10:00 AM: Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) 4th Quarter 2011 National Delinquency Survey (NDS).

This graph shows the percent of loans delinquent by days past due in Q3. Based on other data, the delinquency rate probably was unchanged or only declined slightly in Q4.

However the key problem is the large number of seriously delinquent loans (90 days and in the foreclosure process). With the mortgage servicer settlement, the delinquency rate will probably start falling faster by mid-2012 (a combination of more modifications and more foreclosures).

----- Friday, Feb 17th -----
8:30 AM: Consumer Price Index for January. The consensus is a 0.3% increase in prices. The consensus for core CPI to increase 0.2%.

10:00 AM: Conference Board Leading Indicators for January. The consensus is for a 0.5% increase in this index.

Originally from Calculated Risk

Here is the transcript of Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke's speech at the National Association of Homebuilders International Builders' Show, Orlando, Florida: "Housing Markets in Transition". The speech is being streamed live at www.nahb.org/Bernanke

Excerpt:

One way to understand conditions in the housing market is to focus on the balance of supply and demand. For the past few years, the actual and potential supply of single-family homes has greatly exceeded the effective demand. The elevated number of homes that are currently vacant instead of owner occupied reflects the imbalance. According to the most recent estimate, about 1-3/4 million homes are currently unoccupied and for sale. While this figure has declined slightly during the past few years, it is nonetheless up dramatically from the first half of the 2000s, when readings of about 1-1/4 million vacant homes were the norm. Of course, housing conditions vary by region, and vacancy rates in some locations are substantially higher than the national average....

Moreover, a very large number of additional homes are poised to come on the owner-occupied market. In each of the past few years, roughly 2 million homes have entered the foreclosure process, and many of these homes have been put up for sale, crowding out much of the need for new building. Looking ahead, the relatively high rate of foreclosures is likely to continue for a while, putting additional homes on the market and dislocating families and disrupting communities in the process.

At the same time, a number of factors are constraining demand. Household formation has been down, particularly among young adults. High unemployment and uncertain job prospects may have reduced the willingness of some households to commit to homeownership. Availability of mortgage credit is an important constraint, to which I will return later. Additionally, housing may no longer be viewed as the secure investment it once was thought to be, given uncertainty about future home prices and the economy more generally.

Not surprisingly, the large imbalance of supply and demand has been reflected in a drop in home values of historic proportions. ...

To recap, the housing sector continues to suffer from serious imbalances--a marked excess supply for owner-occupied housing accompanied by a stronger rental markets. The narrative of the housing market over the next several years will revolve around the resolution of those imbalances.

Originally from Calculated Risk

The NAHB 2012 International Builders’ Show is currently being held in Orlando.

On Friday, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke will speak at 12:30 PM ET: "Housing Markets in Transition". The speech will be streamed live at www.nahb.org/Bernanke

And the NAHB is expecting continued growth in 2012 for two components of residential investment: Multifamily and remodeling.

From the NAHB Multifamily Industry Stages Strong Recovery but Still Limited by Credit Constraints, Says NAHB

The apartment sector is a bright spot in the overall housing market leading the industry’s path to recovery. ... “[W]e are forecasting construction of 208,000 multifamily residences in 2012 ...” said Sharon Dworkin Bell, NAHB senior vice president for multifamily and 50 housing.

There were 167,400 5 unit starts in 2011, and only 130,500 completions. 2012 will be another strong year. Economist Tom Lawler is forecasting 225,000 multifamily starts this year.

From the NAHB today: NAHB Foresees Measured Growth in Residential Remodeling

The residential remodeling market will continue to experience measured growth in 2012 after the Remodeling Market Index (RMI) rose to a five year-high at the end of 2011, according to panelists at a press conference held today at the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) International Builders' Show (IBS) in Orlando, Fla.
...
“Spending on improvements to owner-occupied housing is nearly equal to that of new residential construction,” said Paul Emrath, NAHB’s vice president for survey and housing policy research. “NAHB predicts that residential remodeling will rise 8.9 percent in 2012.”

Originally from Calculated Risk

I don't think the mortgage servicer settlement alone will have a huge impact on housing or the economy, but I do think the settlement will lead to an increase in the number of modifications, and also an increase in the pace of completed foreclosures.

I've seen several people argue the settlement is too small to have much of an impact on housing. They compare the size of the settlement to overall negative equity. As an example from the Financial Times:

The trouble is that the $32bn is small relative to estimates of a $700bn gap between house values and underwater mortgages: it is just 5 per cent of that total.

Note: the $700 billion estimate comes from CoreLogic's Q3 negative equity report.

If we compare the principal reductions to total negative equity, it does seem like a drop in the bucket. However if we think of it terms of a reduction in the number of loans that are 90 days delinquent and in the foreclosure process, this could be significant.

The FHFA estimates approximately 1 million borrowers will be offered principal reduction modifications, although that estimate may be a little high. Perhaps 500 thousand is a better estimate, and some of them would have received modifications anyway - but the overall number of principal reduction modifications will probably increase by several hundred thousand with the settlement.

Currently, according to LPS, there are 1.79 million loans 90 days, and 2.07 million in the foreclosure process - or about 3.86 million total seriously delinquent. A few hundred thousand extra modifications would reduce the number of seriously delinquent loans, maybe by 10% (of course some will then re-default).

Also, since there are about 10.7 million borrowers with negative equity, this suggests around 7 million borrowers with negative equity are not seriously delinquent. And that brings us to HARP ...

With the new HARP automated refinancing program coming in March, the borrowers with negative equity and GSE loans will be able to refinance into lower rate mortgages. There borrowers are already current, and if they get a lower mortgage rate (with a faster amortization schedule), they will probably stay current. Not all borrowers with negative equity will eventually default - most won't - and one of the keys to HARP is the faster amortization schedule that will reduce negative equity fairly quickly. From the FHFA last year:

An important element of these changes is the encouragement, through elimination of certain risk-based fees, for borrowers to utilize HARP to refinance into shorter-term mortgages. Borrowers who owe more on their house than the house is worth will be able to reduce the balance owed much faster if they take advantage of today’s low interest rates by shortening the term of their mortgage.

So I expect the number of borrowers with negative equity to decline fairly quickly over the next several years. This will be combination of modifications, foreclosures and refinancing programs.

Another question is: Will the mortgage settlement lead to a flood of foreclosures? It does appear the number of completed foreclosures will increase following this settlement - especially in some judicial states with large backlogs - so there will probably be more REOs (lender Real Estate Owned) for sale. Some of the REO might be sold in bulk as rentals (REO-to-rental program), and the Fed will probably issue guidance to allow servicers to rent REO in heavily impacted areas. It isn't clear how many more REOs will be on the market, but I don't expect a flood of REO as happened in late 2008 and early 2009.

Originally from Calculated Risk

Yesterday Goldman Goldman Sachs economist Sven Jari Stehn argued that the labor force participation rate would remain "broadly flat at 63.7% through the end of 2013". He argued there would be a cyclical boost to the participation rate this year from the recovering economy, but a structural decline in the participation rate due to demographics. (Note: some decline in the participation rate has been expected over the next couple of decades).

The updated population controls from the 2010 Census showed a higher percentage of younger and older workers compared to the prime working age group (25 to 54), and also more women (participation rate is lower for women) than originally estimated - so the aggregate participation rate is now at 63.7%. Stehn argues that structural factors alone could push the aggregate participation rate down further to 63.1% by the end of 2012, but that this will probably be offset by more people returning to the labor force as the economy recovers.

The participation rate plays a key role in calculating to unemployment rate. First a few definitions from the BLS Glossary:

• Civilian noninstitutional population: Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (for example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

• Labor force: The labor force includes all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the definitions contained in this glossary.

• Labor force participation rate: The labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.

• Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force.

So a lower participation rate - with the same level of employment - would mean a lower unemployment rate.

Below is a table showing the sensitivity of the unemployment rate to three levels of the participation rate (centered around Goldman's forecast) and three rates of job creation for 2012. (note: this is mixing two different surveys - the household survey for the participation rate and unemployment rate, and the establishment survey for payroll jobs. Over time these two surveys move together, but there can be significant variability in the short run).

December 2012 Unemployment Rate based on Jobs added and Participation Rate
		Participation Rate
		63.4%	63.7%	64.0%
Jobs added per month (000s)	150	7.6%	8.0%	8.5%
	200	7.2%	7.7%	8.1%
	250	6.9%	7.3%	7.8%

If the January pace of payroll employment growth continues (around 250 thousand jobs per month), and the participation rate stays at 63.7%, then the unemployment rate could fall to 7.3% in December 2012. But even at a slower pace of payroll growth, the unemployment rate could be at or below 8% by the end of the year - unless the participation rate rises or the economy slows sharply.

The recent FOMC projections (see below) are for the unemployment rate to be in the 8.2% to 8.5% range by Q4 2012, and perhaps the FOMC was expecting the participation rate to increase this year.

If the participation rate doesn't increase, and payroll growth continues (even at 150 thousand per month), then the FOMC projections are too high. But even if the FOMC revises down their unemployment rate forecast, they will still view a 7.5% to 8% unemployment rate at the end of 2012 as unacceptably high.

Unemployment projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents
Unemployment Rate1	2012	2013	2014
January 2012 Projections	8.2 to 8.5	7.4 to 8.1	6.7 to 7.6

¹ Projections for the unemployment rate are for the average civilian unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of the year indicated.

Originally from Calculated Risk

In a research note released last night, Goldman Sachs economist Sven Jari Stehn looked at the population revisions from the 2010 Census and argued that there is "No Labor Force Participation Rebound in Sight".

This is a key point. Some of the recent decline in the participation rate was expected due to demographics (mostly aging of the population), but most analysts expected some rebound in the participation rate this year as the economy (hopefully) improves. Goldman is now expecting the participation rate to stay flat through 2013.

From Stehn:

The demographic structure of the population matters because participation follows a distinct life cycle: it rises with age as teens enter the labor force, reaches a plateau between ages 25 and 55, and falls sharply thereafter due to retirement. Moreover, participation is higher for prime-age men than women, mostly due to child bearing. This life-cycle pattern can be seen by splitting the working-age population into four groups: young individuals (aged 16-24 years), prime-age men (25-54), prime-age women (25-54), and older individuals (55 ). Specifically, in 2011 prime-aged individuals had much higher participation rates (89% for men, 75% for women) than young (at 55%) or older individuals (at 40%). The updated population controls from the 2010 Census revealed an increase in young and older workers relative to prime-age ones, pushing down the estimate for the aggregate participation rate.
...
[O]ur model suggests that the participation rate will remain broadly flat at 63.7% through the end of 2013

This is very important. Although I expect the participation rate to decline over the next couple of decades as the population ages, I thought the participation rate would rise a little in 2012. If the participation rate stays steady at 63.7%, then the unemployment rate would fall quicker than I had expected (and possibly quicker than the Fed expected too). I'll add some calculations later.

This is a reminder that we can't just look at the participation rate and the overall employment-population ratio (the ratio of employed to over 16 population).

Click on graph for larger image.

During this period of a significant shift in demographics, it helps to look at the employment-population ratio for the prime working age group (25 to 54 years old). This leaves out most changes in demographics, although there are more women than originally thought, so that impacts this ratio too.

For this key demographic, it appears the employment situation for men is improving a little, but the employment situation for women is still lagging behind.

Originally from Calculated Risk

Earlier:
• Summary for Week ending February 3rd

This will be a light week for economic releases. The key economic release is the December trade balance report to be released on Friday.

Also on Friday Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke will speak to the National Association of Homebuilders: "Housing Markets in Transition".

Europe will be a focus, especially any announcements about Greece. Also the ECB holds a meeting on Thursday.

The mortgage settlement might be announced this coming week too.

----- Monday, Feb 6th-----
No releases scheduled.

----- Tuesday, Feb 7th -----
10:00 AM ET: Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey for December from the BLS.

This graph shows job openings (yellow line), hires (purple), Layoff, Discharges and other (red column), and Quits (light blue column) from the JOLTS.

In general, the number of job openings (yellow) has been trending up, and were up about 7% year-over-year compared to November 2010.

10:00 AM: Testimony from Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, "The Economic Outlook and the Federal Budget Situation", Before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. Senate (repeat of House testimony).

3:00 PM: Consumer Credit for December. The consensus is for a $7.0 billion increase in consumer credit.

----- Wednesday, Feb 8th -----
7:00 AM: The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) will release the mortgage purchase applications index. This index was especially weak last year, although this does not include all the cash buyers.

----- Thursday, Feb 9th -----
8:30 AM: The initial weekly unemployment claims report will be released. The consensus is for an increase to 370,000 from 367,000 last week.

10:00 AM: Monthly Wholesale Trade: Sales and Inventories for December. The consensus is for a 0.5% increase in inventories.

----- Friday, Feb 10th -----
8:30 AM: Trade Balance report for December from the Census Bureau.

Imports have been mostly moving sideways for the past six months (seasonally adjusted). Exports are well above the pre-recession peak and up 10% compared to November 2010; imports are up about 13% compared to November 2010.

The consensus is for the U.S. trade deficit to increase to $48.5 billion in December, up from from $47.8 billion in November. Export activity to Europe will be closely watched.

9:55 AM: Reuters/University of Mich Consumer Sentiment preliminary for February.

The final January Reuters / University of Michigan consumer sentiment index increased to 75.0, up from the December reading of 69.9.

The consensus is for a decrease in February to 74.3 from 75.0 in January.

12:30 PM: Speech by Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, "Housing Markets in Transition", At the 2012 National Association of Homebuilders International Builders' Show, Orlando, Florida

Originally from Calculated Risk

This is an unofficial list of Problem Banks compiled only from public sources.

Here is the unofficial problem bank list for Feb 3, 2012. (table is sortable by assets, state, etc.)

Changes and comments from surferdude808:

Quiet week for the Unofficial Bank List with no closings, one voluntary liquidation, and one addition. The list is unchanged at 958 institutions but assets increased by nearly $600 million to $389.6 billion. The First National Bank of Ordway, Ordway, CO ($45 million) underwent a voluntary liquidation in late January. The sole addition was Community West Bank, National Association, Goleta, CA ($643 million Ticker: CWBC) after the OCC issued a Consent Order against the bank. The only other change was a Prompt Corrective Action order issued by the Federal Reserve against Bank of Bartlett, Bartlett, TN ($371 million). Next week will likely be quiet as well.

Earlier Employment posts:
• January Employment Report: 243,000 Jobs, 8.3% Unemployment Rate
• Graphs: Unemployment Rate, Participation Rate, Jobs added
• Employment Summary, Part Time Workers, and Unemployed over 26 Weeks
• Construction Employment, Duration of Unemployment, Unemployment by Education and Diffusion Indexes
• All Employment Graphs

Originally from Calculated Risk